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Health must lead Africa's energy shift, experts say

Published by YuToday Staff

0 views · 8 hours ago · 4:30 read · September 2, 2026

Africa’s transition away from fossil fuels must place health at its core to avoid deepening public health crises, according to a new analysis by *Daily Maverick* authors. The call comes as air pollution linked to coal, oil, and gas extraction and use is estimated to cause seven million premature deaths annually worldwide. The authors emphasize that Africa’s energy shift must address energy poverty, economic disparities, and healthcare strain while creating sustainable jobs.

Key takeaways

Fossil fuels contribute to seven million premature deaths annually due to pollution.
Africa’s energy transition must address health, inequality, and economic dependencies.
Legal victories, like South Africa’s *Deadly Air* case, are pushing for cleaner air.
A health-first transition could reduce healthcare costs and improve public well-being.

Why fossil fuels are a health hazard in Africa

Fossil fuels—coal, oil, and gas—pose severe health risks throughout their lifecycle, from extraction to consumption. Mining and drilling release toxic pollutants, while refineries and power plants emit harmful particulates that contribute to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular conditions, and premature deaths. In South Africa’s Highveld region, toxic air pollution has been legally recognized as a violation of constitutional rights, highlighting the urgent need for cleaner energy alternatives. The health burden is compounded by energy poverty, which forces millions to rely on inefficient, polluting fuels for cooking and heating, further exacerbating indoor air pollution and related illnesses.

Africa’s energy transition faces unique challenges

Africa’s path to cleaner energy is complicated by widespread energy poverty, economic inequality, and heavy dependence on extractive industries. Many nations rely on fossil fuel revenues for budgets and jobs, making a rapid transition politically and economically sensitive. Limited financial resources and infrastructure gaps also hinder the adoption of renewable energy solutions. Experts argue that a just transition must balance environmental goals with social equity, ensuring that communities dependent on fossil fuels are not left behind. Without careful planning, the shift could deepen inequality and destabilize economies already struggling with high unemployment and poverty rates.

Healthcare systems under strain from pollution

The health impacts of fossil fuel pollution place immense pressure on Africa’s already strained healthcare systems. Hospitals and clinics in polluted regions report higher cases of asthma, lung cancer, and heart disease, diverting limited resources from other critical needs. The economic cost of treating pollution-related illnesses further strains national budgets, creating a vicious cycle of poor health and financial instability. By prioritizing health in energy policies, governments could reduce healthcare costs, improve workforce productivity, and enhance overall public well-being. The *Daily Maverick* analysis underscores that a health-centered transition is not just an environmental imperative but a socioeconomic necessity.

Legal victories highlight the fight for clean air

In South Africa, a landmark legal case has set a precedent for holding governments and industries accountable for toxic air pollution. The *Deadly Air* case, brought by the Vukani Environmental Justice Movement and groundWork, resulted in a ruling that the Highveld region’s air quality violates constitutional rights to health and dignity. This victory demonstrates that legal action can drive policy changes, forcing industries to adopt cleaner practices and governments to prioritize public health. Similar legal challenges are emerging across the continent, signaling a growing demand for accountability in energy and industrial sectors.

What a health-first energy transition looks like

A health-first energy transition in Africa would prioritize renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydro, which produce minimal pollution. It would also invest in decentralized energy systems to bring electricity to off-grid communities, reducing reliance on harmful fuels. Job retraining programs could help workers transition from fossil fuel industries to green energy sectors, ensuring economic stability. Additionally, policies must include strict emissions standards and regular monitoring of air quality to protect public health. By integrating health metrics into energy planning, governments can create policies that save lives while fostering sustainable development.

Global support grows for Africa’s clean energy shift

International organizations and development partners are increasingly backing Africa’s transition to cleaner energy, recognizing its potential to improve health and economic outcomes. Initiatives like the African Development Bank’s *New Deal on Energy for Africa* aim to expand renewable energy access and reduce fossil fuel dependence. However, experts caution that external funding must be paired with local ownership and transparent governance to avoid exploitation. The global community’s support could accelerate progress, but only if it aligns with Africa’s unique needs and priorities. Collaboration between governments, civil society, and private sector will be key to achieving a just and health-focused energy transition.

What happens next

As Africa prepares for the next phase of its energy transition, policymakers and advocates are expected to push for stronger health protections in energy policies. Regional summits and legal challenges will likely intensify, with a focus on holding polluters accountable. Meanwhile, investment in renewable energy infrastructure and job retraining programs could gain momentum, provided they address the continent’s unique socioeconomic challenges. The coming years will be critical in determining whether Africa can achieve a just transition that prioritizes both health and economic growth.